Landforms & Water
What Is a Strait?
On a map, a strait can look like a thin gap in the land, but its geographic role is more specific than its shape. The key is not…
Learn geography
Physical Geography
Explore Earth’s physical systems—from mountains and rivers to climate patterns and fragile ecosystems. This hub organizes our best guides to landforms and water, weather and climate, biodiversity, and today’s pressing environmental issues. Start here, then dive into focused subtopics or explore places by continent, country, and city.
Explainers & Big Questions
Human Geography vs Physical Geography
This comparison comes down to one common confusion: both are branches of geography, but they begin with different questions. The distinction is useful rather than absolute, because urban…
Explainers & Big Questions
Caucasus Mountains: Map, Location & Highest Peaks
The Caucasus is one of those mountain regions many readers recognize immediately but place only vaguely. The usual confusion is not just about location; it is also about…
Landforms & Water
Mtkvari or Kura? Following the Flow of the South Caucasus
Many readers meet this river under two different names and assume they are looking at two different waterways. They are not. The confusion comes from language, mapping habits,…
Countries
Geography of Armenia: Mountains, Rivers, Climate & Regions
Armenia (the modern Republic of Armenia in the South Caucasus) is compact on a world map—about 11,484 square miles (29,743 square kilometers)—but it behaves like a much larger…
Countries
The Geography of Iran Explained Simply
Iran is easiest to understand as a high interior “roof” (the Iranian Plateau) with strong edges: mountains that act like walls, deserts that act like sinks, and coastlines…
Physical Geography
What Is a Doline? Karst Sinkholes Explained
A doline (also seen as “dolina”) is one of the most recognizable features of karst terrain: a closed depression that pulls water inward and often sends it underground.…
Landforms & Water
Ventifact Explained: Wind-Polished Rocks in Deserts
A ventifact is one of the clearest “signatures” of wind erosion: a rock face worn smooth, faceted, or pitted by airborne sand. They’re common in dry, open landscapes…
Physical Geography
What Is a Deflation Hollow? Wind Erosion Explained Simply.
A deflation hollow is a shallow ground depression formed when wind lifts and carries away loose sediment from the surface (a process called deflation). You’ll see them most…
Physical Geography
Glacial Erosion Landforms: Ice-Carved Valleys, Fjords, and More
Glacial erosion landforms are bedrock shapes carved by moving glacier ice. The trick is that ice erodes valley floors and walls at the same time, leaving signatures that…